calcitonin peptide hormone peptide hormones - How iscalcitoninadministered is a peptide hormone that is used to treat osteoporosis

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Calcitonin: The Peptide Hormone Regulating Calcium Balance

Calcitonin is a crucial 32 amino acid peptide hormone primarily produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid glandCalcitonin, human. Its main role is to lower circulating calcium levels, acting as a physiological antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH).Calcitonin is a hypocalcemic peptide hormoneproduced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, which in many ways acts as the physiologic antagonist to PTH. This hypocalcemic effect is achieved by inhibiting bone resorption, the process by which bone tissue is broken down, and to a lesser extent, by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys. Beyond its direct impact on calcium homeostasis, calcitonin also plays a role in bone metabolism by stimulating osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation.Calcitonin peptides

The discovery of calcitonin over 50 years ago revealed a significant player in the intricate hormonal regulation of calcium. While human calcitonin is vital, other forms, such as salmon calcitonin, have also been utilized for their therapeutic properties, particularly in managing conditions like osteoporosisIs calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) the missing link in food .... Understanding calcitonin's function is key to comprehending bone health and calcium regulation within the body.

#### The Calcitonin Family of Peptides

Calcitonin belongs to a broader family of related peptides that share structural similarities and are derived from the calcitonin geneCalcitonin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. The most prominent member of this family, alongside calcitonin itself, is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP is a potent neuropeptide with diverse physiological roles, acting as a vasodilator and influencing various cellular processes作者：D Naot·2008·被引用次数：297—The 'calcitonin family' is a group ofpeptide hormonesthat share structural similarities with calcitonin, and includes calcitonin gene-related peptide .... While calcitonin primarily targets calcium regulation and bone metabolism, CGRP is involved in a wider array of functions, including pain transmission, inflammation, and cardiovascular regulationCalcitonin Gene Related Peptide II, cyclic human. The distinct yet related functions of calcitonin and CGRP highlight the complexity of peptide hormone signaling.

#### Mechanism of Action and Physiological Effects

The primary mechanism by which calcitonin exerts its hypocalcemic effect is by inhibiting osteoclast activity.Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that belongs to the calcitonin family. [1] Human CGRP consists of two isoforms. Osteoclasts are specialized cells that resorb bone. By reducing their activity, calcitonin slows down the release of calcium from bone into the bloodstream. This action directly counteracts the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in the kidneysCalcitonin (CT) is a peptide hormoneproduced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in mammals and by the ultimobranchial gland of birds and fish ....

In addition to its bone-resorbing inhibitory effects, calcitonin also influences renal calcium handling, promoting increased excretion of calcium and phosphate in the urine. This dual action—reducing bone release and increasing urinary excretion—effectively lowers circulating calcium levels.What really causes migraines? While its role in maintaining normal calcium levels in healthy individuals is less pronounced than that of PTH, calcitonin becomes critically important in conditions of hypercalcemia (high blood calcium).Design of a peptide hormone: synthesis and characterization ...

#### Therapeutic Applications of Calcitonin

Calcitonin's calcium-lowering and bone-protective properties have led to its use in various therapeutic applications. Historically, calcitonin, especially salmon calcitonin due to its greater potency and longer duration of action compared to human calcitonin, has been employed in the management of:

* Osteoporosis: By inhibiting bone resorption, calcitonin helps to reduce bone loss and maintain bone density, thereby reducing the risk of fractures. It is often administered via nasal spray or subcutaneous injection.

* Hypercalcemia: In cases of dangerously high calcium levels, calcitonin can provide a rapid reduction in serum calcium作者：JS Kinsey‐Jones·2005·被引用次数：10—Recent evidence has showncalcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to be a key mediator of stress-induced suppression of the ....

* Paget's Disease of Bone: This condition is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to enlarged and deformed bones. Calcitonin can help normalize bone turnoverCalcitonin, human – Agonist of the calcitonin receptor CTR.

* Pain Management: Calcitonin has also been used experimentally and clinically for its analgesic properties, particularly in conditions involving bone pain, such as vertebral compression fractures.

However, the widespread use of calcitonin for osteoporosis has seen a decline due to concerns about potential long-term risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, and the availability of more effective treatments like bisphosphonates and newer biologic agents.

#### Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and Its Significance

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a distinct but related peptide derived from the same gene as calcitonin through alternative splicing. Unlike calcitonin's primary role in calcium homeostasis, CGRP functions predominantly as a neuromodulator and potent vasodilator. It is widely distributed in the nervous system and in various tissues, including blood vessels and the heart.

CGRP plays a significant role in:

* Vasodilation: It is one of the most potent known endogenous vasodilators, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.

* Pain Pathways: CGRP is heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine headaches. Elevated levels of CGRP are observed during migraine attacks, and blocking CGRP signaling has become a key therapeutic strategy for migraine prevention and treatment.

* Inflammation: CGRP can modulate inflammatory responses in various tissues.

* Gastrointestinal Function: It influences smooth muscle contraction and secretion in the digestive system.

The discovery of CGRP's role in migraines has led to the development of a new class of drugs, CGRP antagonists and antibodies, which have revolutionized migraine management.

#### Conclusion

Calcitonin is a vital peptide hormone with a primary function in regulating calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting calcium excretion. As a member of the calcitonin family, it shares a genetic origin with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide with diverse roles, notably in vasodilation and pain signaling, particularly in migraines. While calcitonin has therapeutic applications in managing bone disorders and hypercalcemia, its use has evolved with advancements in medical treatments.作者：D Naot·2008·被引用次数：297—The 'calcitonin family' is a group ofpeptide hormonesthat share structural similarities with calcitonin, and includes calcitonin gene-related peptide ... The study of both calcitonin and CGRP continues to illuminate complex physiological processes and pave the way for novel therapeutic interventionsCALCA calcitonin related polypeptide alpha [ (human)].